Aaltio-Marjosola, I (1994): From a "grand story" to
multiple narratives? Journal of
Organizational Change Management, 7(5): 56-67.
Alvesson, Mats, & Yvonne Due Billing (1992): Gender
and organization: Towards a differentiated understanding. Organization Studies, 13 (1): 73-103.
Adams, Parven, ed.
(1972): Language in Thinking. Middlesex: Penguin Education.
Akin, G., & Schultheiss, E. (1990): Jazz bands and missionaries: OD
through stories and metaphor. Journal of
Managerial Psychology, 5(4):
12-18.
Aldrich, H. E. (1992): Incommensurable paradigms? Vital signs from three
perspectives. In M. Reed & M. Hughes, eds. Rethinking organization: New directions in organization theory and analysis.
Alonso, Graciela y Asteggiante, Silvana (1999). Las metáforas en la interacción hombre-computador. Montevideo:
Centro Regional de Nuevas Tecnologías de Información. Internet: http://www.crnti.edu.uy/05trabajos/interface/INTERFAZ.htm
Alvesson, M. (1993): The play of metaphors. In J. Hassard & M. Parker, eds. Postmodernism and organizations.
Argyris, C., & Schön, D.
A. (1974): Theory in practice: Increasing
professional effectiveness.
Aristóteles
(1946): Poética, traducción de J.D. García Bacca. México: UNAM.
Aristóteles
(1971): Retórica, traducción de A. Tovar. Madrid: Instituto de Estudios
Políticos.
Ayer, Sir Alfred J, comp. (1959): El positivismo lógico.
México: FCE.
Ayer, Sir Alfred J. (1982): Language,
truth and logic. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
Bacharach, Samuel B. (1989): Organizational theories: Some criteria for
evaluation.
Bachelard, G. (1960): La formation de l'esprit scientifique:
Contribution a une psychanalyse
de la connaissance objective [La formación
Bailey, J. R., & Ford, C. M. (1994): Of methods and metaphors: Theater and self-exploration in the laboratory. Journal of Applied Behavioral
Science, 30: 381-396.
Barker, Joel Arthur (1993). Paradigms. The business of discovery the future. NY: HarperCollins. Publicado en 1992 con el título Future Edge, por
William Morrow and Co.
Barley, S. R., & Kunda, G. (1992): Design and devotion: Surges of
rational and normative ideologies of control in managerial discourse. Administrative Science Quarterly, 37:
363-399.
Barthes, Roland (1970): L’Aventure
Semiologique.
Battram, Arthur (1998): Navigating
Complexity: The Essential Guide to Complexity in Business and Management.
Bechtel, W. (1989): Filosofía de la mente: Una
panorámica de la ciencia cognitiva.
Bensimon, E. A. (1989): The meaning of "good presidential
leadership": A frame analysis. Review
of Higher Education, 12(1): 107-123.
Benzon, William L. and David G. Hays (1987): Metaphor, Recognition, and Neural
Process. American
Journal of Semiotics, 5: 59 - 79. Bill
Benzon has placed online a copy of a dated but
interesting article on metaphor and neural processes from 1987. This article is
an excellent illustration of the then current debate between the interaction
view and the cognitivist (Lakoff
and Johnson) view of metaphor. The discussion of neural processing revolves
around Pribram's suggestion that the mind stores
representations holographically, and is also somewhat
out of date.
Berger, Peter and Thomas Luckmann. (1966). The
Social Construction of Reality.
Bjorkegren, D. (1993): What can organization and
management theory learn from art? In J. Hassard &
M. Parker, eds.: Postmodernism and
organizations.
Black, M. (1962): Models and metaphors: Studies in language and
philosophy.
Black, Max. (1962): Metaphor. In Joseph Margolis, ed.: Philosophy
Looks at the Arts. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Blumemberg, Hans (1960): Paradigmi per una metaforologia. Bolonia: Il Mulino, 1969.
Boje, David M. (1995): Stories of the storytelling
organization: A postmodern analysis of Disney as
"Tamara-Land".
Boje, David M., and Debra J. Summers (1994): Review
of Imaginization: The art of creative management. Administrative Science Quarterly, 39 (4):
688-690.
Bolinger, Dwight. (1987): Metaphorical
Aggression: Bluenoses and Coffin Nails. In J.E. Alatis
and G.E. Tucker, eds.:
Bolman, L. G., & Deal, T. E. (1991): Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice,
and leadership. (2nd ed.).
Booth,
Borges, Jorge Luis (1989): Historia
de la Eternidad.
Bourgeois, V. Warren, and Pinder,
Craig C. (1983): Contrasting philosophical perspectives in administrative
science: A reply to Morgan. Administrative
Science Quarterly, 28: 608-613.
Brink, T. L. (1993): Metaphor as data in the study of organizations. Journal of Management Inquiry, 2:
366-371.
Broussine, M., & Vince, R. (1996): Working with
metaphor towards organisational change. In C. Oswick
& D. Grant, eds.: Organisation
development: Metaphorical explorations.
Brown, Roger, ed. (1972): Psycholinguistics.
New York: The Free Press.
Brugman, Claudia (1990):What
is the Invariance Hypothesis? Cognitive Linguistics, 1 (2): 257-266. Brugman raises
five questions re Lakoff's IH article: 1) he appears
to use image-schematic and topological in an equivalent sense--are they? 2) How
much plasticity does an image schematic structure have? 3) When must source and
target properties be preserved? When are properties created? 4) Are properties
mapped transitively? 5) What mappings are preferred? She also focuses in on
whether some concepts can be entirely structured by metaphorical mappings.
Brugman, Claudia
(1988): The
story of over: Polysemy, Semantics, and the Structure
of the Lexicon. N.Y:
Burke, Kenneth (1969): A Grammar of Motives.
Burrell, Gibson, & Morgan, Gareth (1979): Sociological paradigms and organizational analysis.
Carston, Robyn y Uchida, Seiji, eds. (1997): Relevance Theory:
Applications and Implications. Philadelphia: John Benjamins
Publishing Company.
Cassirer, Ernst
(1946): Language
and Myth. (Traducción al inglés de Susanne
Langer). Dover Publications (Harper & Brothers).
Existe traducción al español: Mito y
lenguaje. Buenos Aires: Nueva Visión, 1973.
Chernus, Ira (1985): Imagining the 'Unimaginable'. Bulletin
of Peace Proposals, 1:79-85. Chernus' article
is one of
the core arguments of his book Dr. Strangegod:
On the Symbolic Meaning of Nuclear Weapons. He points out that we do
imagine nuclear war (or at least the experts do) and that the problem is not
that nuclear holocaust is unimaginable but in the ways that it is being
imagined. The failure to recognize the imaginative qualities in technostrategic discourse stems from the Objectivist
oppression of imagination, myth and fantasy in the names of 'literal' truth and
'scientific' reality.
Chilton, Paul (1987): Metaphor, Euphemism and the
Militarization of Language. Current Research on Peace and Violence, 10 (1):
7-17. Chilton has a wide knowledge of contemporary theories
of metaphor in semantics from Lakoff and Johnson to
Brown and Levinson, Schank and Abelson,
and Schonberg. He spends considerable time working out an aesthetic formulation
of the logic of militarization metaphors, and then discusses the role this sort
of metaphoric reasoning plays in legitimizing nuclear policy. The writing is
sometimes dense and theoretically daunting, but he begins to expose the systemacity of nuclear language.
Chilton, Paul, ed. (1985): Language and the
Nuclear Arms Debate: Nukespeak Today.
Cleary, C., & Packard, T. (1992): The use of metaphors in
organizational assessment and change. Group
and Organization Management, 17: 229-241.
Cobb, S. (19939: Empowerment and mediation: A narrative perspective. Negotiation Journal, 9(3): 245-261.
Cobb, S., & Rifkin, J. (1991): Practice and paradox: Deconstructing
neutrality in mediation. Law and Social
Inquiry, 16: 35-62.
Cohen, E., & Ben-Ari, E. (1993): Hard
choices: A sociological perspective on value incommen
surability. Human
Studies, 16: 267-297.
Cohn, Carol. (1987): Sex and Death in the
Rational World of the Defense Intellectuals. Signs, Winter: 687-718. Quite
simply the finest article I have ever read. Cohn gently decimates the rational
veneer of the defense intellectual, exposing the roots of the cognitive
dissonance between being a caring family member and generally decent human
being one one hand and a cold, calculating planner of
hypothetical nuclear destruction on the other. She has a brilliant analysis of
what learning to speak the language of technostrategic
discourse does: it provides a Nietzchean 'cognitive
mastery' over the catastropic potentialities of
nuclear weaponry and war. Also includes observations on the displacement of
human survivability from the center of the discourse and the replacement
concept of weapons system survivablity.
Coleman, Linda & Paul Kay (1981): Prototype semantics: the english verb 'lie'. Language,
57:1.
Connolly, T. (1988): Hedge-clipping, tree-felling and the management of
ambiguity: The need for new images of decision-making. In L. R. Pondy, R. J. Boland, Jr., &
H. Thomas, eds.: Managing ambiguity and
change.
Cox,
Czyzewski, M. (1994): Reflexivity in actors versus
reflexivity of accounts. Theory, Culture
& Society, ll:161-168.
Daft, FL. L., & Weick, K. E. (1984):
Toward a model of organizations as interpretation systems.
David, Carol and Graham, Margaret Baker (Jan
1997). Conflicting values: Team management portrayed in epic
metaphors. Journal of Business
& Technical Communications, 11 (1): 24-48.
Davidson, Donald (1984): De la
verdad y de la interpretación.
Davidson, Donald (1979): What Metaphors Mean. In
Sheldon Sacks, ed.: On Metaphor.
DeCock, Christian (1994): Review of Imaginization: The art of creative management. Journal of Management Studies, 31 (2):
283-285.
Dennett, Daniel y Hofstadter,
Derrida, Jacques (1967): De la gramatología.
México: Siglo XXI, 1984.
Dirven, René y Radden,
Günter (1996): Cognitive English Grammar. Internet: http://www.uoregon/metaphor.
Dobuzinskis. L. (1992): Modernist and
postmodernist metaphors of the policy process: Control and stability versus
chaos and reflexive understanding. Policy
Sciences, 25: 355-380.
Donaldson, L. (1985): In defence
of organization theory: A reply to the critics.
Doving, E. (1994): Using anthropomorphistic
metaphors: Organizational action, knowledge, and learning. Paper presented at
the Conference on Metaphors in Organisational Theory and Behaviour, King's College,
Duck, J. D. (1993): Managing change: The art of balancing. Harvard Business Review, 71(6): 109-118.
Dyson, Freeman (1984): Weapons and Hope.
Eco, Umberto (1984): Semiótica y Filosofía del Lenguaje.
Barcelona: Lumen, 1990.
Evered, R., & Louis, M. R. (1991): Alternative
perspectives in the organizational sciences: “inquiry from the inside” and “inquiry
from the outside”. In N. Smith & P. Dainty, eds.: The management researcher handbook.
Fauconnier, Gilles (1985): Mental Spaces.
Fillmore, Charles (1982)b: Frame
semantics. Linguistics in the Morning Calm.
Selected Papers from SICOL-1981; The Linguistic Society
of
Fillmore, Charles. (1982)a: Towards a
descriptive framework for spacial deixis.
In Jarvella & Klein, eds.: Speech, Place, and
Action.
Ford, J. D., & Ford, L. W. (1995): The role of conversations in
producing intentional change in organizations.
Ford, J. D., & Ford, L. W. (1994): Logics of identity,
contradiction, and attraction in change.
Foucault, Michel (1978): The History of
Human Sexuality, Volume 1. Hurley, Robert, trans.
Frege, Gottlob (1892): Estudios
sobre semántica.
Frost, P. J., Moore, L. F., Louis, M. R., Lundberg, C. C., & Martin,
J., eds. (1991): Reframing organizational
culture.
Galtung, Johan (1987): Language and War: Is
there a Connection? Current Research on Peace and Violence, 10 (1): 2-6.
Despite its appetizing title, the lead-off article to the special issue
on language and war is rather sparse. Galtung does
have interesting chart titles "langauages as
carriers of cosmology" comparing European, Chinese and Japanese
conceptions of space, time, knowledge, and person-nature, person-person,
person-transpersonal relationships. There may be more information available on
this as he is summarizing a previous article.
García Yebra, Valentín (1974): Poética de Aristóteles. Madrid: Gredos.
Gardner, Howard (1987): La
nueva ciencia de la mente: Historia de la revolución cognitiva. Barcelona: Paidós, 1988.
Garfinkel, H. (1967): Studies in ethnomethodology.
Garud, R., & Kotha, S.
(1994): Using the brain as a metaphor to model flexible production systems.
Geis, Michael (1987): The Politics of
Language.
Gentner, Dedre
& Stevens, Albert L., eds. (1983): Mental Models.
Gentner, Dedre
and Gentner, Donald (1983): Flowing Waters or Teeming
Crowds: Mental Models of Electricity. In Gentner, Dedre & Stevens, Albert L., eds. Mental Models.
Gentner, Dedre
(1982): Are Scientific Analogies Metaphors?. In Miall, David S., ed. Metaphor: Problems and
Perspectives.
Gentner, Dedre
(1980): Studies of metaphor and complex analogies: a structure-mapping theory. Ponencia
presentada ante la Asociación Norteamericana de Psicología. Symposium
on Metaphor as Process.
Gergen, Kenneth J. (1992): Organization theory in the
postmodern era. In M. Reed & M. Hughes, eds.: Rethinking organization,
Gergen, Kenneth J., & Gergen,
M. M. (1991): Toward reflexive methodologies. In F. Steier,
ed.: Research and reflexivity.
Ghoshal, S., & Mintzberg,
H. (1994): Diversification and diversifact.
Giddens. A. (1990): The consequences of modernity.
Giddens, A. (1979): Central problems in social theory: Action, structure and contradiction
in social analysis.
Gioia, D. A., & Pitre, E. (1990): Multiparadigm perspectives on theory building.
Gioia, D. A., Thomas, J. B., Clark, S. M., & Chittipeddi, K. (1994): Symbolism and strategic change in
academia: The dynamics of sensemaking and influence. Organization Science, 5: 363-383.
González, Álvaro (1995): La metáfora EL AMOR ES FUEGO en español. Ms. Departamento de Español. Universidad de Concepción, Chile.
Goodman, Nelson (1978): Metaphor as Moonlighting. In Sacks,
S., ed.: On Metaphor. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Gozzi, Raymond Jr. (Summer 1999). The oxymetaphor—pardoxical superstar.
Et Cetera, 56 (2): 211-216.
Grant, D., & Oswick,
C., eds. (1996): Metaphor and
organizations.
Gree, Carolyn and Ruhleder, Karen (1995). Globalization,
borderless worlds, and the
Grice, H.P. (1975): Logic and conversation. In Cole, P.
& J.L.Morgan, eds.: Syntax and Semantics, 3.
Nueva York: Speech Acts. Existe traducción al español: Lógica y conversación,
en Valdés Villanueva, Luis, ed. (1991): La búsqueda del significado.
Madrid: Tecnos.
Grube, G.M.A. (1986): Aristotle:
On Poetry and Style. N.Y: Macmillan Publishing Company. (Primera
edición, 1958. The Bobbs-Merrill
Company.)
Grupo μ
(1982): Retórica general. Barcelona: Paidós,
1987.
Guiraud, Pierre (1960): La Estilística. Buenos
Aires: Nova, 1967.
Gumpel, Lisolette
(1984): Metaphor Re-Examined.
Habermas, J. (1971): Knowledge and human interests.
Hammersley, Martin (Oct 1999). Not bricolage
but boatbuilding: Exploring two metaphors for thinking about ethnography. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 28
(5): 574-585.
Handy, Charles (2001): The
elephant and the flea.
Charles Handy is always a delight to read, and The Elephant and the Flea--his
autobiography-laced analysis of business over the past two decades--is no
exception. In his 13th book, the
Handy, Charles (1994): The age of
paradox.
Handy, Charles (1989): The age of
unreason.
Handy, Charles (1978): Gods of Management: How they work and why
they will fail. Souvenir
Press Ltd. Existe traduccción
al español: Los
dioses de la administración.
México, DF: Limusa, 1983.
Because British management guru Handy's works, such
as The Age of Unreason (1990) and The Age of Paradox (1994), are
becoming more frequently requested here in the U.S., Oxford University Press
has decided to release a first American edition of a book Handy wrote in 1978,
which has already been translated into many languages and updated and revised
twice. Handy offers a unique approach to understanding different management
styles. Starting with management theorist Roger Harrison's four types of
organizations, Handy identifies four Greek gods (Apollo, Zeus, Athena, and
Dionysus) that typify the organizational cultures of the four. He then matches
godly attributes to each, in the hope that his analogy will spark insight and
serve as a diagnostic tool for resolving conflicts that result from clashing
styles. Handy says this is the book of which he is most proud, and that
affirmation should arouse curiosity. . Amazon.com:
David Rouse.
Hamel, G., & Prahalad, C. K. (1994): Competing for the future.
Harmon, Joseph E.(1994): The Uses of Metaphor
in Citation Classics from the Scientific Literature. Technical Communication
Quarterly, 3: 179-194. Abstract reads: "To gain a
better sense of the metaphorical nature of the scientific research paper, the
author reviewed 89 journal articles taken from the top 400 most-cited documents
in the Science Citation Index database for the period 1945-1988. Metaphorical
constructions were found in a variety of forms: conceptual models, experimental
designs, technical analogies, standard technical names, conventional figurative
expressions, and even original figurative language normally associated with
more-literary writing. Examples are given for
each mode of metaphor."
Hassard, J.,
& Parker, M., eds. (1993): Postmodernism
and organizations.
Hausman, Carl R. (1989). Metaphor and
Art: Interactionism and Refence
in the Verbal and Nonverbal Arts.
Hempel, Carl (1966): Filosofía
de la ciencia natural.
Hesse, Mary (1964): Models and
Analogies in Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Hibbitts, Bernard J. (1994): Making Sense of
Metaphors: Visuality, Aurality,
and the Reconfiguration of American Legal Discourse, 16 Cardozo Law Review: 229-356. In brief, the paper argues
(in an at least vaguely-Lakoffian manner) that the
language of American law is moving from its traditionally-strong bias in favor
of visually-evocative metaphors towards a certain preference for
aurally-evocative metaphors. It goes on to suggest a number of cultural,
sociological and phenomenological reasons for this shift. (annotation by Hibbits).
Hickey, D. (1999): Figures of thought for college writers.
Hobbes, Thomas. (1651): Leviathan.
Hook, Glenn D. (1985): Making Nuclear Weapons
Easier to Live With: The political Role of Languagein Nuclearization. In Bulletin of
Peace Proposals, 1,
67-77. An excellent piece regarding the effects of the 'nuclearization' of language. Well
researched data from the mouths of strategists. Includes
observations on weapons life cycle, male narcissism, Humanizing damage, and
strategic terminology. Hook rejects the view of metaphor as mere common
euphemisms, investigating instead "how they contribute to the maintenence of the nuclear political system....In this
case, the danger of nuclear war may be obfuscated instead of highlighted,
precluded from thought instead of thought about, and accepted as normal instead
of an aberration." (p.68)
Howe, Nicholas (1987): Metaphor in Contemporary
American Political Discourse. In Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 3, 87-104.
Hutchins, Edwin (1983): Understanding
Micronesian Navigation. In Gentner, Dedre & Stevens, Albert L., eds.: Mental Models.
Inns, D. E., & Jones, P. J. (1996):
Metaphor in organization theory: Following in the footsteps of the poet? In D.
Grant & C. Oswick, eds.: Metaphor and organizations.
Jackson, N., & Carter, P. (1993): Paradigm wars: A response to Hugh Willmott. Organization
Studies, 14: 721-725.
Jackson, N., & Carter, P. (1991): In defense
of paradigm incommensurability. Organization
Studies, 12: 109-127.
Jackson, N., & Willmott, H. (1987): Beyond
epistemology and reflective conversation: Towards human relations. Human Relations, 40: 361-380.
Jacques, R. (1992): Critique and theory building: Producing knowledge “from
the kitchen”.
Jakobson, Roman (1963): Ensayos
de lingüística general. México:
Siglo XXI, 1976.
Jeffcutt, P. (1993): From interpretation to
representation. In J. Hassard & M. Parker, eds.: Postmodernism and organizations.
Jimenez, Jacques y Johnson, Timothy
L. (1998). Metaphors at work: The unseen influencers.
Johnson, Mark. (1992): Philosophical Implications
of Cognitive Semantics. Cognitive Linguistics, 3, (4): 345-366.
Johnson, Mark (1987): The Body in the Mind:
The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason. Chicago y Londres: The University of Chicago Press.
Johnson, Mark (1987): Death is the Mother of Beauty:
Mind, Metaphor, Criticism.
Johnson-Laird, P.N. (1983): Mental Models:
Towards a cognitive science of language, inference and consciousness.
Kelling, George W. (1989): Language:
Mirror, Tool, and Weapon.
Kendall, J. E., & Kendall, K. E. (1993): Metaphors
and methodologies: Living beyond the systems machine. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 17 (2):149-171. Metaphors are the cognitive lenses
individuals use to make sense of all situations. Building on work about
metaphors in organizational life, an analysis examines the language of
information systems (IS) users in 16 different organizations. The results confirm
the existence of 6 main metaphors (journey, war, game, organism, society, and
machine) and add 3 metaphors that also emerged from the language of IS users
(family, zoo, and jungle). Dramatistic analysis is
used to reveal that 7 of these principal metaphors are found in commonly used
systems development methodologies. Analysts who are aware of the existence of
these metaphors will begin to see the systems development process in an
entirely new light. In using this approach, analysts should 1. lead the systems development process by selecting a
methodology to match user metaphors, 2. see rather
than suppress the paradoxical richness of metaphors, 3. not
limit the number of metaphors because it limits the usefulness of the approach,
and 4. be adequately trained in a variety of systems
development methodologies.
Koch, S., & Deetz, S. (1981): Metaphor
analysis of social reality in organizations. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 9:1-15.
Kofman, Fredy (2001): Metamanagement. La nueva con-ciencia de los negocios. México,
DF: Granica. 3 tomos.
Korzybdski, Alfred (1948): Selections from Science and Sanity.
Kovecses, Zoltan
(1989): Emotion Concepts.
Krippendorff (1991): Reconstructing (some) communication research
methods. In F. Steier, ed.: Research and refiexivity.
Kuhn, Thomas (1975), La revolución
copernicana,
Kuhn, T. (1970):The structure of scientific revolutions.
Lakoff, George (1996). Moral Politics:
What Conservatives know that Liberals Don’t. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press.
Lakoff, George (1994): The Contemporary
Theory of Metaphor. In A. Ortony, ed.: Metaphor
and Thought, 2nd ed.
Lakoff, George (1991): Metaphor and War:
the Metaphor System used to justify war in the Gulf. Internet: http://www.uoregon/metaphor.
Lakoff, George (1990): The Invariance
Hypothesis: Is abstract reason based on image-schemas?" Cognitive Linguistics, 1, (1): 39-74.
Lakoff, George (1987): Women, Fire, and
Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal about the Mind.
Lakoff, George (1989): Some empirical results
about the nature of concepts. Mind & Language, 4 (1 and 2).
Lakoff, George (1986)a: Cogntitive Semantics.
Lakoff, George (1986)b: Two
metaphorical issues: (1) the meaning of 'literal', (2) a figure of thought.
Lakoff, George. (1982): Categories and Cognitive
Models.
Lakoff, George and Turner,
Mark. (1989): More
than Cool Reason: A field guide to poetic metaphor.
Lakoff, George,
Jane Espenson, Adele Goldberg (1989): Master Metaphor List. Compilación.
Universidad de California,
Berkeley.
Lakoff, George and Johnson, Mark (1987):
The metaphorical logic of rape. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 2: 73-79.
Lakoff, George y Johnson, Mark (1981): La estructura
metafórica del sistema conceptual humano. En D. Norman, comp:
Perspectivas de la ciencia cognitiva. Barcelona: Paidós,
1987.
Lakoff, G.,
& Johnson, M. (1980): Metaphors we
live by. Chicago: Chicago University Press. Existe traducción
al español: Metáforas de la vida cotidiana, Madrid: Cátedra, 1986.
In this book written for the layman, linguist
George Lakoff and philosopher Mark Johnson cogently
argue that metaphor is integral, not peripheral to language and understanding.
Furthermore, "metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language
but in thought and action. Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we
both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature." (p. 3) / The authors adopt a broad definition of metaphor, examine
common phrases for metaphorical interpretation, and offer a classification
system of metaphor. For example, orientational
metaphors are found in our ordinary language and are part of the spatial
organization of our lives. When one says, "He dropped dead" or
"He's at the peak of health," one is using the orientational
metaphor that we live by: "Health and life are up; sickness and death are
down." This orientation is not arbitrary; the authors point out that one
lies down when one is ill. / Other types of metaphors categorized by the
authors are structural and ontological (e.g., making a non-entity into an
entity: "We need to combat inflation," or setting a boundary on a
non-entity: "He's coming out of the coma"). The authors also differentiate
metaphor from other figures of speech, such as metonymy, which relies more
completely on substitution: "The ham sandwich wants his check." / The
second half of the book address issues more philosophical in nature, such as
theories of truth and how we understand the world, including the
"myths" of "objectivism," "subjectivism," and
"experientialism." These theories are reviewed with metaphor in mind.
For example, objectivism relies on the separation of man from the environment
and the subsequent mastery over the environment. Hence objectivism is rife with
metaphors which confirm such ideas as "knowledge is power." / The
authors conclude by stating that metaphors provide "the only ways to
perceive and experience much of the world. Metaphor is as much a part of our
functioning as our sense of touch, and as precious."
Langacker, Ronald (1987): Foundations of Cognitive
Grammar: Theoretical Prerequisites. Vol. 1.
Stanford:
Langacker, Ronald (1987): The Cognitive Perspective. CRL Newsletter,
1, (3).
Laroche, H. (1995): From decision to action in
organizations: Decision-making as a social representation. Organization Science, 6: 62-75.
Lash, S. (1993): Reflexive modernization: The aesthetic dimension. Theory, Culture & Society, 10:1-23.
Lausberg, Heinrich (1963): Elementos
de retórica literaria.
Lawley, James and
Tompkins, Penny (2000). Metaphors in mind: Transformation
through symbolic modelling.
Le Guern, Michel
(1973): La metáfora y la metonimia.
Madrid: Cátedra, 1978.
Lee, A. S. (1991): Integrating positivist and interpretive approaches to
organizational research. Organization Science, 2: 342-365.
Lehrer, Adrienne (1990): Polysemy,
conventionality, and the structure of the lexicon. Cognitive Linguistics, 1, (2): 207-246.
Levin, Samuel R. (1988): Metaphoric Worlds:
Conceptions of a Romantic Nature.
Levinson, Stephen (1983): Pragmática.
Barcelona: Teide, 1989.
Lewin, K. (1947): Frontiers in group dynamics. Human Relations, 1: 5-41.
Liebert, Wolf-Andreas (1992): Metaphernbereiche der deutschen Alltagssprache.
Linstead, S. (1993)a: From postmodern anthropology to deconstructive ethnography. Human Relations, 46: 97-120.
Linstead, S. (1993)b:
Deconstruction in the study of organizations. En J. Hassard
& M. Parker, eds.: Postmodernism and
organizations.
Linstead, S. (1994): Objectivity, reflexivity, and
fiction: Humanity, inhumanity, and the science of the social. Human Relations, 47: 1321-1346.
Locke, John (1690). Ensayo sobre el
entendimiento humano. México:
FCE, 1956.
Loewenberg, Ina (1973): Truth and Consequences
of Metaphors. Philosophy and Rhetoric, 6 (1).
Lundberg, C. C. (1990): Towards mapping the communication targets of
organisational change. Journal of
Organizational Change Management, 3: 6-13.
Lyotard, J. F. (1984): The postmodern condition: A report on
knowledge.
MacCormac, Earl R. (1985): A Cognitive
Theory of Metaphor.
MacLachlan, G., & Reid,
Manning, P. K. (1979): Metaphors of the field:
Varieties of organizational discourse. Administrative science quarterly, 24 (4), 660-671.
Social analysis involves
both creating and criticizing texts. Styles of discourse, or tropes, are
central to textual analysis. Master tropes are metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche,
and irony. Most social science does not consider the way in which the master
tropes shape the writing as well as the gathering of qualitative data.
Converting information obtained from field research into written text involves
a unique set of problems and ambiguities. The text communicates about
observations made and interpreted and also reflects on itself as a written
document which the reader must make sensible. Variations in the text produce
variations in awareness. Patterned ambiguity of context, mode, or text can
introduce surprise or awareness of possible variations in expository writing.
Marsden, R. (1993): The politics of organizational analysis.
Organization Studies, 14: 93-124.
Marshak, Robert J. (1993): Managing the metaphors of
change. Organizational Dynamnics, 22 (1): 44-56.
Martinich, A., ed. (1990): The Philosophy
of Language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Marx, R. D., & Hamilton, E. E. (1991): Beyond skill building: A
multiple perspectives view of personnel. Issues
and Trends in Business and Economics, 3: 1-4.
Maturana, H. R. (1991): Science and daily life: The
ontology of scientific explanations. En F. Steier,
ed.: Research and reflexivity.
McCourt, W. (1997): Discussion note: Using
metaphors to understand and to change organizations: A critique of Gareth
Morgan's approach. Organization Studies,
18 (3), 511-522. A
critique of Gareth Morgan's approach to metaphor is used as the vehicle for an
assessment of the value of metaphoric thinking to understanding and acting in
organizations. Metaphor is shown to be an epistemologically valid approach to
making sense of organizations, although not at the expense of traditional
literal language approaches. Metaphoric thinking is located within the OD model
of organizational change, where it functions as a valuable aid to cognitive
change, while sharing some of the limitations of OD itself.
Mehan, Hugh and Wills,
John. (1988): MEND:
A Nurturing Voice in the Nuclear Arms Debate. Social Problems, 4, 363-383. An
exploration at tracking a dissonant voice in the nuclear arms debate.
Includes a remarkable passage where the effects of being
co-opting by using the language and metaphors of the dominant 'technostrategic' voice in the debate is discussed.
Effectiveness and legitimacy are contrasted with the pressures for a new and
nurturing voice in the debate.
Miall, David S., ed. (1982): Metaphor:
Problems and Perspectives.
Montaño Hirose, Luis (2000). La noción de organización. Sentido, polisemia y construcción social. Ms. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa.
Montaño Hirose, Luis (1998). Metaphors
and Organizacional Action. Postmodernity, Language and
Self-Regulating Systems. A Mexican Case Study.
En Clerg, Stewart et al.: Global Management: Universal Theories and Local Realities.
Montaño Hirose, Luis (1996). Intelligent
machines and organisational spaces. A metaphorical
approach to ethics. En Artificial Intelligence and Society. Reimpreso en Karamjit
S., Gil, ed. Information Society. New Media, Ethics and
Postmodernism.
Moore, James F. (1993): Predators and prey: A new ecology of competition.
Harvard Business Review, 71 (3):
75-77.
Morgan, G. (1997): Imaginization: New mindsets for seeing, organizing, and managing.
Morgan, G. (1993) Imaginization: The art of creative management.
Morgan, G. (1990). Paradigm diversity in
organizational research. In J. Hassard &
D. Pym, eds.: The theory and philosophy
of organizations: Critical issues and new perspectives.
Morgan, G. (1988): Riding the
waves of change: Developing managerial competencies for a turbulent world.
Morgan, G. (1986): Images of
organization.
Morgan, G.(1983)a: More on metaphor: Why we
cannot control tropes in administrative science. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28: 601-607.
Morgan, Gareth (1983): Beyond
method: Strategies for social research.
Morgan, G. (1980): Paradigms, metaphors, and puzzle solving in
organization theory. Administrative
Science Quarterly, 25: 605-622.
Morgan, Gareth (1989)a: Creative organization theory.
Morgan, Gareth (1989)b: Teaching organization theory: An instructor's manual. London: Sage.
Nietzsche, Friedrich (1873): Sobre verdad y mentira en sentido extramoral. Madrid: Tecnos, 1994.
Nilsen, Kelvin Don and Nilsen,
Aleen Pace (Oct 1995). Literary
metaphors and other linguistic innovations in computer language. English Journal, 84 (6): 65-71.
Norman, Daniel, comp. (1981): Perspectivas
de la ciencia cognitiva. Barcelona: Paidós, 1987.
Norris, C. (1992): Uncritical
theory.
O'Connor, E. S. (1995): Paradoxes of participation: Textual analysis and
organizational change. Organization
Studies, 16: 769-803.
Ortony, Andrew,
ed. (1993): Metaphor
and Thought (segunda edición
ampliada).
Ortony, A., ed.
(1979): Metaphor and thought.
Otala, M. (June 1995): The learning organization: Theory into
practice. Industry & Higher Education:
157-164. The term
"learning organization: is used to designate organizations that have been
exceptionally successful in the modern business environment of intense
international competition. Such organizations are characterized by their
ability to adapt rapidly and flexibly to new international business paradigms.
The characteristics of the learning organization are well known, but recent
paradigm shifts in the business environment dramatically enhance the
fundamental competitive advantages embedded in these long established features.
The author sets out the main characteristics of and the necessary conditions
for effective organizational learning and outlines the competitive advantages
to be gained.
Palmer, H., & Brown, P. B. (1998): The enneagram
advantage: Putting the 9 personality types to work in the office.
Palmer, Ian & Dunford, Richard (Jul 1996).
Conflicting uses of metaphors: Reconceptualizing
their use in the field of organizational change.
Parente, Diego (2000). La metáfora
Pariente, José Luis (Noviembre
2000).Te ven o no te ven. ¿Es esa la cuestión? Algunas reflexiones acerca de la
videoconferencia en la educación superior. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana: Administración y Organizaciones, 3 (5):
193-200.
Pariente, José Luis (2000). Teoría de las organizaciones. Un enfoque de
metáforas (2ª ed.). México, DF: Miguel Ángel Porrúa / COTACYT, 2002.
Parker, M. (1992): Post-modern organizations or postmodem organizations or postmodern organization theory? Organization Studies, 13: 1-17.
Perelman, Chaim (1977):
L’Empire Rhétorique.
Paris: Vrin, 1977.
Perelman, Chaim
(1969). Analogie et métaphore en science, poésie et philosophie", Revue
International de Philosophie, 23, année 87, 1969, fasc. 1.
Perrow, Charles. (1984):
Perry, E. L., Davis-Blake, A., & Kulik, C.
T. (1994): Explaining gender-based selection decisions: A synthesis of
contextual and cognitive approaches.
Peters, T. (1992): Liberation
management: Necessary disorganization for the nanosecond nineties.
Pfeffer, J. (1993): Barriers to the advance of
organizational science: Paradigm development as a dependent variable.
Pinder, Craig C., and V. Warren Bourgeois (1982): Controlling
tropes in administrative science. Administrative
Science Quarterly, 27: 241-252.
Plant, R. (1987): Managing change
and making it stick. England: Gower.
Platón: República,
traducción de J.M. Pabón y
M. Fernández Galiano.
Popper, Karl R. (1969): Conjectures and refutations: The growth of knowledge.
Porras, Jerry I., and Robert C. Silvers (1991):
Organization development and transformation'. Annual Review of Psychology, 42: 51-78.
Pottier, Bernard (1992): Semántica General.
Powell, Mava Jo.
(1995): Figurative extension in English verbal idioms of visual perception. Lacus Forum, 21: 304-312.
Putnam, L. L., Phillips, N., & Chapman, P.
(1996): Metaphors of communication and organization. In S. R. Clegg, C. Hardy,
& W. R. Nord, eds.: Handbook of organization studies
Quine, Willard van Orman (1969): La
relatividad ontológica y otros ensayos. Madrid: Tecnos, 1974.
Quinn, R. E., & Cameron, K. S. (1988): Paradox and
transformation: Toward a theory of change in organization and managment. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
Rabossi, Eduardo, comp. (1995): Filosofía de la mente y
ciencia cognitiva.
Reddy, Michael (1979): The Conduit Metaphor. En
A. Ortony, ed.: Metaphor and Thought (2nd ed.).
Reed, M. (1993): Organizations and modernity: Continuity and
discontinuity in organization theory. En J. Hassard
& M. Parker, eds.: Postmodernism and
organizations.
Reed, Michael (1990): From paradigms to images: The paradigm warrior
turns postmodernist guru. Personnel
Review, 19 (3): 35-40.
Reed, M. (1985): Redirections in
organizational analysis.
Reger, R. K., Gustafson, L. T., DeMarie,
S. M., & Mullane, J. V. (1994): Reframing the
organization: Why implementing total quality is easier said than done.
Reinchenbach,
Hans (1951): La filosofía científica. México: FCE, 1953.
Richards, Ivor
(1936): The Philosophy of Rhetoric. New York: Oxford University Press.
Rickards, Tudor (1999): Creativity and the Management
of Change. Blackwell Publishers. Existe
traducción al español: La creatividad y la administración del cambio. México, DF:
Ricoeur, Paul (1979): The metaphorical process as
cognition, imagination, and feeling. En Sheldon Sacks, ed.: On Metaphor.
Ricoeur, Paul (1975):
La metáfora viva. Buenos Aires: Megápolis,
1977.
Rivano Fischer, Emilio (1994): Ampliaciones
esquemáticas de la preposición 'a'. Ms. Universidad
de Concepción, Chile.
Rivano Fischer, Emilio (1991): Topology and Dynamics of Interactions: with special reference to Spanish and Mapudungu. Lund: Lund University Press.
Rivano Fischer,
Emilio (1989): Persons,
interactions, proximity, and metaphorical grammaticalization
in Mapudungu". Working
Papers 35. Lund: Lunds Universitet. Allmän Språkvetenskap.
Rivano, Juan (1994): La Vertebración de la Filosofía: Dicotomía,
Dilema, Isología, Antinomia y Sinsentido.
Rivano, Juan. (1986): Perspectivas Sobre la Metáfora. Santiago de Chile: Editorial Universitaria.
Rivano, Juan (1972): Filosofía en Dilemas-El Pensamiento de McLuhan. Santiago de Chila: Prensa Latinoamericana.
Rohrer, Tim (1995): The Cognitive Science of
Metaphor from philosophy to neuropsychology.
Internet: http://www.uoregon/metaphor.
Rohrer, Tim. (1995): Metaphor and Neuropsychology.
Interent: http://metaphor.uoregon.edu/metaphor.html
Rohrer, Tim. (1995): The Metaphorical Logic of
(Political) Rape: The New Wor(l)d Order. Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 10: 115-137. The 1991
Persian Gulf War dramatically punctuated the importance of metaphor to our
everyday life and our reasoning about politics. Did the Gulf situation more
closely resemble
Rohrer, Tim. (1991): To Plow
the Sea: Metaphors for Regional Peace in
Rorty, Richard (1992): Ensayos sobre Heidegger
y otros pensadores contemporáneos. Barcelona: Paidós,
1993.
Rorty, Richard (1991): Objetividad, relativismo y verdad.
Barcelona: Paidós, 1996.
Rorty, Richard (1989): Contigencia, ironía y solidaridad, Barcelona: Paidós, 1991.
Rorty, Richard (1980): Philosophy and the mirror of nature. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Rorty, Richard (1979): La filosofía y el espejo de la naturaleza. Madrid: Cátedra, 1983.
Rosa, Nicolás (1978): Léxico de lingüística y semiología. Buenos Aires: CEAL, 1991.
Rosch, Eleanor (1973)a: Natural Categories. En Cognitive
Psychology, 4:328-50.
Rosch, Eleanor (1973)b: On the internal structure of perceptual
and semantic categories. En T.E. Moore, ed.: Cognitive Development and the
Acquisition of Language. N.Y: Academic Press.
Rosch, Eleanor (1978): Principles of categorization. En E. Rosch
& B.B. Lloyd, eds.: Cognition and Categorization.
Rosch, Eleanor (1977): Human categorization. En
Rosch, Eleanor (1975): Univerals and cultural specifics in
human categorization. En R. Brislin, ed.: Cross-Cultural
Perspectives on Learning. N.Y: Halstead Press.
Rosenblatt, Paul C. (1994): Metaphors of
Family Systems Theory: Toward new constructions.
Rovatti, Pier Aldo (1988): Como
la luz tenue: Metáfora y saber.
Sackmann, S. (1989): The role of metaphors
in organization transformation. Human
relations, 42 (6): 463-485. Metaphors,
if carefully chosen, may be a useful tool in the transformation process of an
organization. Metaphors are powerful because 1. they
can trigger a perceptual shift, 2. they can succinctly
transmit a large amount of information simultaneously at a cognitive, behavioral, and emotional level, and 3. they
can render vague and abstract ideas concrete, provide a vivid image, and be
remembered easily. There are 2 basic metaphors, targeted and adaptive. Targeted
metaphors are appropriate only if the envisioned future is known and can be
determined. Adaptive metaphors are appropriate when goals cannot be clearly
specified. Also, adaptive metaphors imply an evolving nature that allows
testing, exploring, searching, and learning. In a case study, the use of
multiple and adaptive metaphors allowed a wide range of action and
substantiated the argument that metaphors are useful in the transformation
process of organizations.
Sacks, S., ed. (1981): On Metaphor.
Salamanca, Gastón. (1995): Análisis de la metáfora EL AMOR ES ROBO". Ms. Departamento de Español, Universidad de Concepción, Chile.
Samaniego Fernández, Eva (1996): Estudios sobre la metáfora. Universidad de Valladolid. Disponible en Internet: http://www.ucm.es/OTROS/especulo/numero8/e_saman1.html
Sandelands, L., & Drazin,
R. (1989): On the
language of organization theory. Organization
Studies, 10: 457-478.
Sandelands, L., & Srivatsan. V. (1993): The problem of experience in the study of
organizations. Organization
Studies, 14: 1-22.
Schneider, S. C., & Shrivastava, P. (1988):
Basic assumptions themes in organizations. Human Relations, 41: 493-515.
Schopenhauer, Arthur (1818): El
mundo como voluntad y representación. Madrid: Orbis,
1985.
Schutz, A. (1970): On phenomenology and social relations.
Searle, John (1980). Mentes,
cerebros y programas. En D. Dennett y D. Hofstadter, eds. (1981): El ojo
de la mente.
Searle, John (1979): Metaphor. En A. Martinich, ed. (1990): The Philosophy of Language.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Searle, John (1979): Metaphor. En Andrew Ortony,
ed.: Metaphor and Thought.
Senge, Peter (1999):
The Dance of Change: The Challenges to
Sustaining Momentum in Learning Organizations. NY: Doubleday
Existe traducción al español: La danza del
cambio. México, DF: Norma, 2000.
Since its release in 1990, Peter M. Senge's bestselling The Fifth Discipline
has converted readers to its innovative business principles of the
"learning organization," personal mastery, and systems thinking.
Published nearly a decade later, Dance of Change provides a formidable
response to businesspeople wondering how to make his programs stick. He
outlines potential obstacles (such as initiating transformation, personal fear
and anxiety, and measuring the unmeasurable) and
proposes ways to turn these obstacles into sources of improvement. Senge--with considerable help from the team who worked on
the follow-up development manual, The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook--presents
an insider's account of long-term maintenance efforts at General Electric,
Harley-Davidson, the U.S. Army, and others who are learning organization, along
with experience-based suggestions and exercises for individuals and teams.
"We are seeking to understand how people nurture the reinforcing growth
processes that naturally enable an organization to evolve and change," Senge explains, "and how they tend to the limiting
processes that can impede or stop that growth." --.. Amazon.com: Howard
Rothman.
Senge, Peter (1990):
The Fifth Discipline: The Art and Practice of
the Learning Organization. NY: Currency/Doubleday. Existe traducción al español: La quinta disciplina. El arte y la práctica de la organización
abierta al aprendizaje. Barcelona: Granica, 1992.
Peter Senge, founder of the Center
for Organizational Learning at MIT's
Sloan
School of Management, experienced an epiphany while meditating one morning back
in the fall of 1987. That was the day he first saw the possibilities of a
"learning organization" that used "systems thinking" as the
primary tenet of a revolutionary management philosophy. He advanced the concept
into this primer, originally released in 1990, written for those interested in
integrating his philosophy into their corporate culture. The Fifth
Discipline has turned many readers into true believers; it remains the
ideal introduction to Senge's carefully integrated
corporate framework, which is structured around "personal mastery,"
"mental models," "shared vision," and "team
learning." Using ideas that originate in fields from science to
spirituality, Senge explains why the learning
organization matters, provides an unvarnished summary of his management
principals, offers some basic tools for practicing it, and shows what it's like
to operate under this system. The book's concepts remain stimulating and
relevant as ever. Amazon.com: Howard Rothman
Sfard, A.
(1998): On two metaphors for learning and the dangers of choosing just one. Educational Researcher, 27 (2): 4-13.
This article is a sequel to
the conversation on learning initiated by the editors of Educational Researcher
in volume 25, number 4. The author's first aim is to elicit the metaphors for learning that guide our work as learners, teachers, and
researchers. Two such metaphors are identified: the acquisition metaphor and
the participation metaphor. Subsequently,
their entailments are discussed and evaluated. Although some of the
implications are deemed desirable and others are regarded as harmful, the
article neither speaks against a particular metaphor nor tries to make a case
for the other. Rather, these interpretations and applications of the metaphors
undergo critical evaluation. In the end, the question of theoretical
unification of the research on learning is addressed, wherein the purpose is to
show how too great a devotion to one particular metaphor can lead to
theoretical distortions and to undesirable practices.
Shrivastava, P., & Schneider, S. (19849:
Organizational frames of reference. Human
Relations, 37: 795-809.
Silber,
Sinclair, J. (1994): Reacting to what? Journal of Organizational Change Management, 7 (5): 32-40.
Smircich, L., & Stubbart,
C. (1985): Strategic management in an enacted world. Academy of Management Review,10: 724-736.
Smith, Alfred, ed. (1965): La teoría de la comunicación humana.
Buenos Aires: Nueva Visión, 1972.
Solomon, J. F. (1988): Discourse and reference in the
nuclear age. Norman:
University of Oklahoma Press.
Sperber, Dan y Wilson, Deirdre
(1986): La relevancia: Comunicación y procesos cognitivos.
Srivastva, S., & Barrett, F. J.(1988):
The transforming nature
of metaphors in group development: A study in group theory. Human Relations, 41: 31-64.
Steedman, P. H. (1991): On the relations between
seeing, interpreting and knowing. In F. Steier, ed.: Research and reflexivity.
Stern. J. (1985): Metaphor as demonstrative. Journal of Philosophy, 82: 677-710.
Sternberg, R. J.(1990): Metaphors of mind: Conceptions of the nature of intelligence.
Stolpe, Jan. (1961): Aristoteles
Om Diktkonsten. Estocolmo: Natur och Kultur.
Sweetser, Eve. (1990). From Etymology to
Pragmatics: Metaphorical and cultural aspects of semantic structure.
Sweetser, Eve (1989): From Etymology to Pragmatics: The Mind-as-Body Metaphor in Semantic
Structure and Semantic Change.
Talmy, Leonard (1985): Force dynamics in language
and thought. En Parasession
on Causatives an Agentivity.
Talmy, Leonard (1975): Semantics and syntax of
motion. En J, Kimball, ed.: Syntax and Semantics, 4. Academic Press.
Taylor, John R. (1989): Linguistic Categorization:
Prototypes in Linguistic Theory.
Tinker, Tony (1986): Metaphor or reification: Are radical humanists
really libertarian anarchists?' Journal of Management Studies,
23 (4): 363-384.
Todorov, Tzvetan (1977): Teorías
del símbolo. Caracas: Monte Avila, 1991.
Todorov, Tzvetan y Ducrot, Oswald (1972): Diccionario
Enciclopédico de las Ciencias del Lenguaje.
Townley, B. (1993): Foucault, power/knowledge, and its
relevance for human resource management.
Tsoukas, H. (19939: Organizations as soap bubbles: An
evolutionary perspective on organization design. Systems Practice, 6: 501-515.
Tsoukas. H. (992): Postmodernism, reflexive
rationalism and organizational studies: A reply to Martin Parker. Organization Studies, 13: 643-649.
Tsoukas, H. (1991): The missing link: A
transformational view of metaphors in organizational science. Academy of management review, 16 (3): 566-585. The different knowledge functions of metaphors in lay
and scientific discourses are outlined, and a methodology for the development
of metaphors to yield deeper organizational scientific knowledge is proposed.
It is argued that the traditional dichotomy between metaphorical and literal
languages has led to either an overemphasis or a depreciation of the role of
metaphors in organizational science. This dichotomy is unnecessary and
unproductive because metaphorical language and literal language are different
but not incompatible. Drawing on Beer's (1984) suggestions about scientific modeling, a transformational view of metaphors is advanced
that attempts to outline a methodology for the development of metaphorical
insights to yield literal identities.
Turbayne, T. (1962): The Myth of Metaphor. Yale:
Turk, Klaus (1988): Review of Images
of organization .
Organization Studies, 9 (1): 113-115.
Turner, Mark (1992): Design for a Theory of Meaning. En W. Overton y D.
Turner, Mark. (1991). Reading Minds: the study of English in the age
of cognitive science.
Turner, Mark. (1990): Aspects of the Invariance Hypothesis. Cognitive Linguistics, 1 (2): 247-255. Turner asks what constrains a
metaphoric mapping? The IH as stated by Lakoff is simply put too strongly--he rephrases the
Invariance Hypothesis as to transfer only that part of the source's topology
which does not violate the target's topology and as much of it as possible.
Turner, Mark (1987): Death is the mother of beauty: mind, metaphor,
criticism.
Van de Ven, A. H., &
Van de Ven, A. H., &
van DIJK, Teun (1987): La ciencia del texto: Un enfoque
interdisciplinario. Barcelona: Paidós, 1990.
Van Maanen. J. (1995): Style as theory. Organization Science, 6:
133-143.
Vianu, Tudor (1957): Los
problemas de la metáfora. Buenos Aires: EUDEBA, 1967.
Vico, Gianbattista (1725): Ciencia
Nueva. Buenos Aires: Aguilar, 1968.
von Humboldt,
William (1812): Cuatro ensayos sobre España y América.
Voss, James F, Joel Kennet, Jennifer Wiley and Tonya Y. E. Schooler (1992): Experts at Debate: The Use of Metaphor in
the
Wagner, Jane. (1986): The Search for Signs
of Intelligent Life in The Universe. New York: Harper and Row.
Watzlawick, Paul, comp. (1981): La
realidad inventada: ¿Cómo sabemos lo que creemos saber?.
Buenos Aires: Gedisa, 1989.
Weick, Karl E. (1989): Theory construction
as disciplined imagination.
Weitzenfeld, Julian, Tom Reidl, Charles Chubb & Jared
Freeman. (1992): The Use of Cross- Domain Language by Expert Software
Developers. J. of Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 7 (3 & 4):
185-195. A rather straightforward but interesting first
investigation into the language used to characterize computer systems by their
programmers. I see much room for follow-up on the role these metaphors play in
their debugging process, not to mention their generative role in creating
operating systems, word-processing systems and the like.
Wertsch, James V. (1987): Modes of Discourse
in the Nuclear Arms Debate. Current Research on Peace and Violence, 10 (2-3): 102-112. Wertsch's
concern is to develop a taxonomy of modes of discourse
in the nuclear arms debate. Beginning from Dyson's warrior/victim distinction,
he posits two dimensions of discourse: scope of identification and form of legitimation. The scope of identification is whether one
privileges arguments which assume that all humans "are in this
together" when it comes to the nuclear predicament (a
"universal" perspective) or priviliges
arguments where it is assumed that the fundamental interest of one social
group, such as a nation, can be separated from others (a "particularistic"
perspective). The form of legitimation is whether one
priviliges arguments which are "decontextualized" abstractions from any concrete
situation and is characterized by the use of formal logic and an Objectivist
view of rationality, or privileges "contextualized" modes of
expression where the analysis of highly concrete factors are highlighted,
particularly their emotional aspects. He gives well-known examples of works
which fit the intersections formed by each of these dimensions, but suggests
that it is the particularistic, decontextualized
discourse which dominates official technostrategic
discourse. He concludes by tracing out how the bias toward this mode of
discourse as that assumed by any "rational" actor led Carter into a
political blunder re the Soviet invasion of
Whitley, R. (1992): The social construction of
organizations and markets: The comparative analysis of business recipes. En M.
Reed & M. Hughes, eds.: Rethinking
organization: New directions in organization theory and analysis.
Whorf, Benjamin Lee (1956): Language,
Thought, and Reality. Selected Writings of B.L. Whorf, comp. J.B. Carroll,
Willmott, H. (1993)a: Breaking
the paradigm mentality. Organization
Studies,14: 681-719.
Willmott. H. (1993)b:
Paradigm gridlock: A reply. Organization
Studies, 14: 727-730.
Winkin, Yves, comp. (1980): La
nueva comunicación. Barcelona: Kairós, 1990.
Wittgenstein, Ludvig
(1958): Philosophical
Investigations.
Wittgenstein, Ludvig (1918):
Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus. Madrid: Alianza, 1973.
Wolf, Hans-Georg. (1994). A Folk Model of the Internal
Self in Light of the Contemporary View of Metaphor - The Self as Subject and
Object,
Yanow, Dvora
(1992). Supermarkets and culture clash: The epistemological role of metaphors
in administration practice. American
Review of Public Administration, 22 (2): 89-109.
Fuentes de los comentarios en
inglés:
[FORUM
the quarterly Journal of the European Foundation for Management Development
Volume 93.1] http://members.aol.com/ifprice/peqforum.html